Tuesday, April 12, 2005

Anti-Black racism in China

Erin Chung:

From December 1988 to January 1989, students in Nanjing, China waged violent protests against visiting African students. These protests became the precursor to the nationwide pro-democracy movement in the spring of 1989, which resulted in the massacre of Chinese students by armed troops in Tiananmen Square. Displaying an uneven combination of racial tension, nationalism, and reformism, the Nanjing protests fused mass hostility toward visiting African students with official nationalist discourse to create the momentum for a popular movement for political change. At the same time, they marked the denouement of China's proclaimed leadership of the "Third World" with long-term consequences for Sino-African relations. Yet, these protests were neither isolated events, as the Chinese government claimed, nor simply outbreaks of general xenophobia directed at all foreigners. Frank Dikötter has traced various discourses of race in China from the late nineteenth century based on myths of origins, ideologies of blood, and narratives of biological descent that have been central to the cultural construction of Chinese identity. Barry Sautman attributes the rise of anti-Africanism among the Chinese intelligentsia in the reform era (1978-present) to the return of racial stereotyping and elitist values dating back to Imperial China that link and denigrate those who are dark and those who are poor.

Hostility and violence against visiting African students had erupted for various reasons since their arrival in 1960 as part of a government-sponsored program that provided full scholarships for nationals of friendly countries. Following its rise to power in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) abolished the official discourse of race and embarked upon an intensive campaign to establish close ties with the newly independent African nations. As early as 1955, Premier Zhou Enlai declared that racism was uniquely absent in China. Friendly relations with Africa and African-descended peoples were central to the CCP's "Third World" coalition during the 1960s. Mao Zedong proclaimed that the Chinese would lead the historical struggle against "white imperialism," linking the problem of class with that of race in foreign policy. In the early 1960s, small groups of African students arrived in China with full scholarships and relatively generous stipends compared to those of their Chinese counterparts. However, most of the students returned home within a year or two due to poor living standards, lack of social opportunities, and the politicized environment of the Mao years. According to an account by a Ghanaian who studied in China during the 1960s, African students regularly encountered racial discrimination by their Chinese hosts, although racial hostility was the least important reason for their return.

The Chinese government restored the African scholarship program in the mid-1970s and began sending African students to universities outside of Beijing. As China opened itself to the capitalist world market with a series of reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping from 1978, its Third World identity became little more than a propaganda tool. In contrast to official statements supporting revolutionary movements in Africa and the civil rights movement in the United States in the 1960s, the CCP in the late 1970s and 1980s markedly downplayed Third World themes in the media. In addition, local authorities often excused, and sometimes justified, anti-African prejudice among Chinese students. For example, the Shanghai incident of July 1979 was triggered by complaints of loud music played by African students and culminated in an attack of the foreign student hall in which the African students lived. Although Chinese press commentaries admitted that the Chinese students attacked the African students, they also implied that "drunken and womanizing" Africans were prone to troublemaking. Moreover, contact between African men and Chinese women was the source of numerous clashes between Chinese and African students in the 1980s as well as the grounds for arrests and deportations of Africans.

The Nanjing protests in December 1988 were triggered by a series of confrontations between African and Chinese students at Hehai University. The conflict intensified on December 24 when two African male students who were escorting two Chinese women to a Christmas Eve party on campus were stopped at the front gate and ordered to register their guests. A new university regulation that restricted registration procedures for guests visiting foreign students had been implemented in October of that year to stop African male students from consorting with Chinese women in their dormitories. A quarrel between one of the African students and the Chinese security guard escalated into a brawl between African and Chinese students that lasted until the next morning and resulted in the injury of eleven Chinese and two Africans. On the next day, 300 Chinese students, angered by a rumor that a Chinese man had been killed by an African student the previous evening, stormed the African students' dormitory chanting, "Kill the Black Devils!" The police arrived to restore order two hours later. Fearing for their safety, over 60 African students left for the railway station to reach their embassies in Beijing. Local authorities prevented them from boarding the trains in order to retain those involved in the Christmas Eve brawl. In response, about 140 foreign students, including other African students in Nanjing and a dozen non-African foreign students, sat-in at the train station to demand that they be allowed to board a train for Beijing.

Meanwhile, Chinese students at Hehai University mobilized students from other universities in Nanjing to protest what was perceived as special treatment for foreigners and to demand justice for the alleged murder of a Chinese man the night before. Approximately 3,000 students marched in the streets, singing the national anthem and chanting, "Down with Black Devils!" On December 26, the student demonstrators from Hehai University marched to the provincial government office to demand that the African students be held responsible for their crimes according to the full force of Chinese law. Holding a banner that read, "Protect Human Rights," the demonstrators demanded the reform of a corrupt legal system that privileged foreigners at the expense of ordinary Chinese. That evening, a group of more than 3,000 Chinese students marched to the railway station with banners calling for the protection of human rights, political reform, and justice. The African students were immediately sequestered by the police to a military guest house in Yizheng, 60 kilometers northeast of Nanjing. The police declared the student demonstrations illegal and, with the help of riot police from neighboring provinces, quelled the demonstrations in the next few days. By early January 1989, the authorities arrested and deported three African students from Hehai University who were suspected of instigating the Christmas Eve brawl and sent the remaining students back to Nanjing. The African students were instructed to report to their school authorities before leaving their campuses and to not go out at night. Furthermore, the Hehai University president, Liang Ruiji, announced that African students were required to continue registering their guests at the front gate and were restricted to no more than one Chinese girlfriend whose visits would be limited to the lounge area.

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89 Comments:

At 1:35 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

"full scholarships"

This seems odd. What language was instruction given in? I would guess Chinese. Had the African students studied Chinese before going to China? I would also find it surprising if they had, even if they were from "friendly countries". Anyway, I imagine it would be very difficult to go to China as a young adult, and have to learn Chinese well enough to matriculate at a Chinese university.

 
At 1:31 AM, Blogger xinlinyc said...

It's interesting to see you linking the student protest against African students in Nanjing with the 1989 Tiananmen student movement. Do you have other reliable sources? Also, do you think it is fair to use one incidence to validify "anti-black" racism in China?

 
At 10:35 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Your comments are rather dated but I have just written a book about racism in the Chinas toward African and African-American. I am African-American and it is said that this is the first book of its kind. It will be availble in late May 2007 and will be at all major bookstores by early July.
For a sneak peek at the cover and information you can go to:
'http://mdujon.blogspot.com' or
http://www.authorhouse.com/BookStore/BookHome.aspx
My email address is 'mdujon@gmail.com' if you have any questions.

 
At 8:52 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

this does not surprise me in the least. i am am a british born black professional person. i once visted hong kong with a friend and was astounded by the amount of racism i met from virtually everyone. i have an english accent and am always well presented, in a nutshell we were treated like shit. i have travelled the world and have stayed a long time in places such as germany and sweden, and also in remote villages in england and scotland. i have never experienced any type of racism like this, even growing up in england during a period of extreme right wing parties gaining a foothold.

 
At 1:58 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

When I lived in Taiwan in the early 1970's I met a guy who was there studying medicine. He was born in Ghana while it was still a British colony and grew up in 1960's South Carolina. In spite of all the discrimination he had faced before, he told me in no uncertain terms that he learned the true meaning of racism in Taiwan.

 
At 8:39 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

dear anonymous: whenever you read about chinese racisms against blacks don´t read between the lines. just take it blank. at the incident 1988 christmas I was there when it happened, I was a foreign student then. I am not black but I had lots of black friends. of course all of them spoke chinese very well, this was a prerequisite to study there. and in the 1980th it was not funny to be black. there was severe discrimination, every day. and there also is a direct but fine connection to the tiananmen massacre, because that time, chinese were in the revolting mood. the liked to go to the streets. in nanjing 1988/89 they were out in thousands in the streets shouting: kill the black devils. it was scary, and i never forget it in my life.

 
At 3:48 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Having grown up in China and immigrated to Canada in the 90's, I cannot deny the deep root of racism in the Chinese culture. My Chinese friend would alert me if a black person was walking behind us in Canada. My mom, who has lived with us for over 6 years in Canada would ask the first question about a person's race if she saw somebody with slightly dark color. It is always a sensitive issue when a chinese girl merries a guy of non-chinese origin. If that guy is white, it appears to be ok. but if the guy is of any other race, the family will be involved and resentment subsequently follows. I think the culture itself may play some role in this kind of intolerance because Chinese always think that they are superior to others.

 
At 2:15 PM, Blogger Middle kingdom said...

It is not fair to criticize the 1.3 billion chinese based on 1 or 2 inccidents. I am a chinese and we are always criticized for the 1 in 1000 good things that we have done. Chinese culture emphasize on being a good host. The article is written by a chinese and the scholarships is given by chinese people most of which are extremely poor and barely able to feed themselves or read. I dont this comments are fair and maybe the africans should not have the israeli mentality.

 
At 1:36 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

If the Chinese are racists so what? If the blacks do not like life there, they are always free to leave. My respect for the Chinese people and its civilization will not reduce one bit even if they are hard core racists.

 
At 12:23 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

And they say the white man is a racists!

 
At 10:09 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Absolutly SOME, NOT ALL Chinese are racist. This is true with every group, not just Chinese. I am a Chinese and I can admit to it. Some Chinese are even racist against Koreasns. I have a really good friend who is Korean and she is married to a Chinese guy and she is still going through hell, years later after the marriage. Some Chinese are so ignorant they believe that only they have been in a cilization of any sort at all for 5,000 years and everyone else was living in some kind of just nothing. What they do nto understand is that Chinese and everyone else was part of civilization for 6,000 years.There is 6,000 years of recorded history. The different civilizations in many parts of the World just kept moving around and changing names. It certainkly make them inferior. Does it make a civilization inferior because it went across the ocean or to another part of a continent? If someone believes that, you can see they want to stay isolated.

Chinese and everyone should just try to remember we are just human beings and it will certainly be the main thing when we die and face the the Spirit of Good, by whatever name and are accountable. And you know your last moments on this Earth that is what you will be thinking about.

 
At 10:11 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Damn It, I had a typo. I wrote the last entry.

Moving around and having different names does NOT make a civilization inferior

 
At 4:38 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

There are many people on this planet of non-African ancestry that are sympathetic with this Chinese racism. Many people of Asian descent I know, as well as some Arabs and other people of European descent (like me) are very enthusiastic about non-European cultures that do not want their social horizon infested with hip hop culture, bling and crack.

 
At 6:17 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

China is the most racist country in the whole world.To me it's still a shame that a country without any human rights be allowed to host such as event as the Olympic games.Chinese claim to have a long History but believe me it was just a huge waste of time bacause looking at Chinese today i don't see anything that they've learnt from it.History is all about correcting the mistakes of the past but i don't see any of that in China ,all i see are more and more fatal mistakes.Chinese will always say something bad about foreigners as soon as they walk by.They'll do it if ya white and worst still if ya black or brown.Chinese lack manners and are the greatest hypocrites you can ever come across.A chinese person will spit phlegm on the floor irrespective of where he is.It could be in a restaurant on the bus or anywhere.I'm not just saying words but I'm telling you what i witnessed there.I actually left China with a 5 months valid visa just because i could not take any of their crap anymore.Fellow Chinese stop denying the mess that goes on in ya country,Just try to change it.

 
At 1:38 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

they always say that racism does not exist in china,but I can confidently say that anti-black racism is so very alive in china.Am a student in one of the universities in zhejiang province and at times I dont want to leave my hostel because the chinese students and the other chinese people keep on talking about you and laughing behind your back and they cant stop staring,some even spit when they see u.I am a victim of this and no one told me but I saw it first hand.Racism is one of the major problems facing all black african and non-african students in china.

 
At 8:25 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I am a foreign student in China at the moment, and I must say that I think most Chinese people aren't racist against balck people, but perhaps just rather naive and unused to seeing black people. however, african students sometimes mistake these attitudes for racism. what's more, the way they behave with chinese girls is sometimes unappropriate, due to cultural differences over how to approach people.

 
At 2:14 PM, Blogger keniata said...

One of the Anonymous..white he likes to define himself-herself maybe forgot that some Arabs are African....and thinking that Africa is linked with Hip-Hop bling bling and Crack...it is just a contraction of his-her small brain....

I give you all a tip...The whole human race is fucked up...Racism is everywhere....as long as the color of the skin remain prevalent to the rest...

Bloody Human Race!

 
At 11:12 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

wherever the is a majority and a minority there will be racism, its impossible to make each race or ethnicity equal in number so like you said Meiji were fucked!

 
At 2:05 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

White westerners like taking their personal stories (or lies) and publishing it for their own benefits. Most of the anoynymous blogs here (except this one) tell their stories as if they really experienced it or such stories really happened. The movie, Hunt for Eagle 1 and 2, produced and sold here in the Philippines was even facbricated to make the story appear to be true. Many books written by those USAmericans regarding Philippine history tells that it were the Filipinos who ignited the Filipino-American war by first firing the line. Books by Filipino historians were the true ones.

 
At 2:10 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

China never enslaved blacks! Chinese never have the so-called Chinese Burden!Unlike the White Man's Burden!
Chinese want Obama!
If Chinese racism exist it is for the preservation of our culture. apology for blacks hurt by some Chinese.

 
At 2:28 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Thanks anonymous commenting before.and hes filipino. im filipino chinese. What a coincidence and Im blogging also this time. thanks for your comments.

 
At 2:37 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I am actually a history teacher and I know more about the true history that took place in this country because I mostly read history books written by Filipinos like Teodoro Agoncillo. It is my first time to comment in a blogspot and now I discovered that this kind of medium is full of lies. Internet is really a medium of propaganda. Their stories in here about Chinese racism against blacks were not even mentioned in USAmerican-authored books. Now, propagandists who have xenophobia can use their inventions just to destroy not only you, Chinese (Ay? Chinese Filipino ka pala...heheh).

 
At 2:40 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

oo nga eh. Kung Hei Fat Choi pala. dito Binondo may paputok pa kanina. Chinese New Year hindi pa tapos hanggang February 4 pa.

 
At 2:46 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Kung Hei Fat Choi din. Dito nga sa Iloilo ngayon palang (January 29) ise-celebrate yung Chinese New Year sa city kasi nga katatapos palang ng Dinagyang. Ang galing no? Nag-coincide rin yung Chinese New Year sa eclipse. Sayang hindi namin nakita dito sa Iloilo. Maganda daw diyan sa Manila Bay. Parang flagt nung China yung eclipse, with the yellow crescent ng araw at red background ng sky.

 
At 2:46 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Kung Hei Fat Choi din. Dito nga sa Iloilo ngayon palang (January 29) ise-celebrate yung Chinese New Year sa city kasi nga katatapos palang ng Dinagyang. Ang galing no? Nag-coincide rin yung Chinese New Year sa eclipse. Sayang hindi namin nakita dito sa Iloilo. Maganda daw diyan sa Manila Bay. Parang flagt nung China yung eclipse, with the yellow crescent ng araw at red background ng sky.

 
At 2:50 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

cge 2log nko. aga pa kmi bukas tindahan bukas. nyt! God Bless You!

 
At 2:54 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Good Nyt din! God Bless You too and God Bless China also.

 
At 11:47 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I have lived in China for years and I have a word of my own. I am black and I made it there. The beginning is difficult, but if you know how to go about it, it will be a good experience. First, it is true that some chinese are racist against blacks but definitely not all chinese. Moreover, nowadays the trend is changing a lot faster than you will expect especially with the youths embracing the western culture and their unflinching love for basketball and the like. Second, if you are in China, know that you are in China. You don't live in China and your native country at the same time. Respect their values,steer clear of politics and be simply nice to others and the rest will follow. Thirdly, work hard and be successful. Chinese people love hardworking and successful people pretty much like in other parts of the world. They will admire and respect you and move closer to you when they see that you are making progress. I got a job as an English teacher after a long struggle. At the time I was living in a small two-room house. I saved some money, moved out of the school and rented my own apartment. Then years down the road, I bought a car and finally when I met my girlfriend, we bought a house. The way my school authorities looked at me changed and that is what happens often when they realise you are focused and determined. It is true that wealth should not not be a determining factor in this case but what would you expect, given the economic prowess of China at the time? Fourth, make an attempt to speak their language. The Chinese like it when they see foreigners attempting to speak their language. If you can, do it. Simply speaking the Chinese language could open you more doors than you may ever have imagined. And when it comes to speaking a native language, those studying in Europe have testified that it is a determining factor in getting jobs in European countries. These are just a few practical tips to making it in China. I was there for five years but I can say it anywhere that it is about the best place I have lievd in.
I moved out to North America last year and it has been a hell more difficult here to get settled. There is no outright racism expressed in words but virtually all sectors of the economy are barricaded. This is the worst discrimination you can imagine. I know of friends who didn't study here and will never find jobs in their field no matter their experience. And yes, this is discrimination - the worst kind.

 
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At 4:59 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

One only has to look at the the great wall of china to see how chinese value aparthied ,and the reason they have never been seen as racists before is because they have sealed them selves away from the world behind a smoke screen of communism until such a time as that they could finally get to exploiting their totally threatened and demoralized populous to work for nothing to enable them to exploit other third world nations for power and thus they have no interest in the future of other but just them themselves.
Look at the writings of mass murderer mao and also the art of war and strategy it will soon become clear.

 
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